为了填补这一空白,并探索一条更简单、灵活的复合材料开发路径,来自加拿大达尔豪斯大学的研究团队在《International Journal of Biological Macromolecules》上发表了一项创新研究。他们受到自然界中胶原蛋白与弹性蛋白、蚕丝中丝素蛋白与丝胶蛋白等成功复合体系的启发,尝试将两种功能不同的重组丝蛛蛋白——源于附着盘丝的吡咯状丝蛋白(Py)和源于包裹丝的指环状丝蛋白(W)——在纺丝前直接混合,制备复合纤维。他们想要探究的是:这种简单的“鸡尾酒”式混合,能否绕过复杂的基因工程融合步骤,创造出性能增强的新型丝纤维?更重要的是,这两种蛋白在混合和纺丝过程中,究竟是如何相互作用的?
Py1+ W1混合物能够形成初生纤维,但无法承受后纺拉伸。相比之下,Py2+ W2的混合物无论是等质量还是等摩尔混合,都能顺利通过湿法纺丝形成连续纤维,并能耐受不同条件的后纺拉伸(空气中2倍或4倍拉伸,水中2倍拉伸)。2 + W2fibers wet-spun using an equimass mixture of the spidroins and collected in the as-spun (AS) state or following post-spin stretching in either air or water at the indicated draw ratio. Freeze fracture of fibers was employed to enable cross-sectional SEM imaging (bottom row).">扫描电镜分析显示,纤维具有由更细纤维平行组装而成的分层结构,且后纺拉伸会压缩并平滑纤维表面特征。力学测试表明,Py2+ W2复合纤维的机械性能可以通过后纺拉伸进行调节,但同时也表现出显著的变异性。例如,对于等质量混合的纤维,其性能可大致分为两个群体:群体1(高延展性,>100%)和群体2(低延展性,一般<100%)。2 + W2fibers, wet-spun using an equimass mixture of the spidroins under specified conditions, with colour-coding by fiber diameter. For AS and air-stretched fibers, less extensible fibers (population 2) are shown to the right of the stress-strain curves with pooled population 1 and population 2 data.">在最佳情况下,空气中2倍拉伸的纤维延展性可达约220%,而空气中4倍拉伸的纤维强度可达约99 MPa。然而,水中拉伸的纤维则普遍表现出很低的延展性(约6.8%)。2 + W2fibers wet-spun using an equimass mixture of the spidroins and collected in the as-spun (AS) state or following post-spin stretching in indicated condition at indicated draw ratio based upon the stress-strain curves in Fig. 2. Individual measurements are indicated with red dots, bar heights are averages, and error bars are the standard deviation. Data sets, excluding 2 × −water which was universally low in extensibility, were subdivided into two populations on the basis of extensibility, as indicated. Mechanical properties are tabulated in Table S1.">
3.3. 纤维状态二级结构分析
通过衰减全反射傅里叶变换红外光谱显微技术分析发现,所有类型的Py2+ W2复合纤维中都含有显著的β-折叠结构,含量在~20%到~45%之间。2 + W2fibers wet-spun from equimass mixture of the spidroins under specified conditions obtained from attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectromicroscopy. Each spectrum represents the average of three measurements from the same fiber. Deconvolution resulted in the fitted peaks (dotted lines) corresponding to secondary structures.">β-折叠含量通常与纤维强度呈正相关趋势。机械性能的变异性也在二级结构组成中得到了反映,力学性能更一致的纤维(如2×-空气拉伸),其二级结构也更为一致。
3.4. 测试丝蛛蛋白类型间的分子间相互作用
研究人员采用多种手段检测了Py和W单元在溶液状态下是否存在直接的相互作用。下拉实验显示,在缓冲液中,带有His6标签的Py2和未标签的W2混合后,W2不与镍柱结合,表明两者无相互作用。2+-affinity bead pull-down assay (labels – L: molecular weight ladder (annotated by mass in kDa); unbound: wash solution; bound: eluent from beads; load: solution applied to beads) where Py2has a His6-tag and W2does not. b) Overlay of 1H15N HSQC NMR spectroscopy experiments (black contours: [U15N]-Py1; red contours (overlaid): [U15N]-Py1with unlabelled-W1at 1-to-2 M ratio of Py1-to-W1). For HSQC spectral display, the number of levels used for contouring was decreased for the mixture relative to the apo protein to allow visualization of both sets of contours.">异核单量子相干核磁共振波谱分析也表明,即使在高浓度下,Py1的化学位移也未因W1的存在而发生扰动。圆二色光谱分析显示,在纺丝液状态下,Py2和W2混合物的光谱仅仅是各自光谱的叠加平均,2 and W2in spin dope solvent. a) Overlay of far-UV CD spectra of Py2, W2,and an equimass mixture of Py2 + W2in a dope solution (TFA/TFE/H2O: 8/1/1 (v/v/v); 1% (w/v) for individual proteins or 2% (w/v) for the mixture). b) Hand-drawing of fiber from equimass mixture of Py2 + W2in TFA/TFE-d3/H2O: 3/1/1 (v/v/v) at 10% (w/v) total spidroin concentration. c) Overlay of 1H15N HSQC experiments acquired in a dope solution (TFA/TFE-d3/H2O: 3/1/1 (v/v/v); black contours: [selectively-15N -unlabeled]-W2at 5% (w/v); blue contours (overlaid): [selectively-15N-unlabeled]-W2(5% (w/v)) with unlabelled-Py2(5% w/v)); red boxed inset: peak observed at lower 1H frequency than solvent, with full spectra for each condition shown in Fig. S9.">进一步证实了在纺丝前两种蛋白之间没有可检测到的直接相互作用。然而,动态光散射分析发现,Py2和W2的等质量混合物在纺丝液中能自组装成相对均一的纳米颗粒(直径约90 nm),而这种均一性在单个蛋白的纺丝液中较差,这可能意味着两者在纺丝液状态下发生了某种“共组装”。