作为活的声敏剂,HA@Mn-MOF@E在超声作用下能有效杀灭细菌和肿瘤细胞。2 ultrasound for 5 min and (B) statistical data (n = 3); (C, D) Quantitative analysis and (E) representative flow cytometry plots of cell apoptosis with staining of APC-annexin V and PI, after 4T1 cells treated with PBS, ECN, HA@Mn-MOF, HA@Mn-MOF+US or HA@Mn-MOF@E+US (n = 3); (F) Cell viability of 4T1 detected using CCK-8 (n = 4); (G) Confocal microscopy images of 4T1 cells for live and dead staining. Scal bar = 50 μm. Data are presented as mean ± SD. Statistical analysis was carried out by means of one-way ANOVA. P < 0.01;P < 0.001;***P < 0.0001.">实验表明,超声处理首先导致细菌死亡,并促进其释放的双链DNA和Mn2+进入肿瘤细胞。与单纯材料加超声组相比,HA@Mn-MOF@E在超声后能更显著地诱导肿瘤细胞早期和晚期凋亡,几乎杀死所有肿瘤细胞,这归因于细菌携带的声敏剂能更有效地沉积在细胞表面,并产生单线态氧。
3.3. 抗原呈递细胞的体外激活
肿瘤免疫耐受的关键在于抗原呈递细胞难以被激活。Mn2+能增强cGAS(环鸟苷酸-腺苷酸合成酶)对双链DNA的识别,从而激活cGAS–STING通路。+ DC after DC cells treated with PBS, ECN, HA@Mn-MOF, HA@Mn-MOF+US, and HA@Mn-MOF@E+US. Data are presented as mean ± SD. Statistical analysis was carried out by means of one-way ANOVA. *P < 0.05; P < 0.01;P < 0.001;***P < 0.0001.">体外实验显示,经超声处理的HA@Mn-MOF@E能高效地将巨噬细胞极化为CD86+的M1型,并显著提升树突状细胞上CD80+和CD86+的比例。同时,该处理显著上调了炎症因子(Tnf-α, Il-6, Ifn-β)及相关基因的表达,增加了细胞内cGAMP水平,并促进了STING通路下游关键蛋白TBK1和IRF3的磷酸化。这表明,超声触发的细菌碎片、Mn2+和肿瘤细胞免疫原性死亡(ICD)共同作用,能通过刺激STING通路有效激活抗原呈递细胞。
3.4. 肿瘤靶向定植
为实现有效治疗,治疗剂在肿瘤内的富集与分布至关重要。5 CFU to mice bearing 4T1 orthotopic tumors. Meanwhile, the same amount of HA@Mn-MOF was injected into tumors. (A) Fluorescence imaging (633 nm) from porphyrins in MOF during 72 h and (B) quantitative statistical results (n = 5); (C) Bioluminescence imaging of major tissues at 72 h and (D) quantitative statistical results (n = 5). (E) Plate photos and (F) quantitative statistical results of bacterial number in blood and major tissues (n = 5) at 72 h after intratumoral injection of ECN and HA@Mn-MOF@E. Data are presented as mean ± SD. Statistical analysis was carried out using an unpaired Student’s t-test. *P < 0.05; ****P < 0.0001; ns represented not significant.">研究证实,凭借大肠杆菌的缺氧趋向性,无论是瘤内注射还是静脉注射,HA@Mn-MOF@E都能在肿瘤部位特异性地富集和定植,其携带的Mn-MOF在肿瘤内的滞留时间远长于游离的材料,而表面工程化修饰并未显著影响细菌本身的肿瘤靶向能力,这为后续的超声治疗提供了理想的时间窗口和空间分布。
3.5. 体内免疫激活
在复杂的乳腺癌免疫微环境中验证其免疫激活效果。+CD8+T cells and (D) the proportion of CD86+DC in the lymph nodes (n = 5), the tumor relative gene expression levels of inflammatory factors (E) Tnfa, (F) Cd206, (G) Il6, and STING pathway related genes including (H) Ifnb, (I) Isg, and (J) Ccl5 were determined (n = 5). (K) Immunofluorescence staining of tumor tissue, green for CD3+T cells and red for CD8+T cells; scale bar = 40 μm. Data are presented as mean ± SD. Statistical analysis was carried out by means of one-way ANOVA. *P < 0.05; P < 0.01;P < 0.001;***P < 0.0001; ns represented not significant.">体内实验表明,超声处理后的HA@Mn-MOF@E能显著增加肿瘤内CD3+T细胞的比例和M1/M2型巨噬细胞比值,提升淋巴结中IFN-γ+CD8+效应T细胞和CD86+树突状细胞的比例。同时,肿瘤组织中炎症因子及STING通路相关基因的表达也显著上调,免疫荧光染色也观察到更多CD3+和CD8+T细胞浸润。这证实了该系统能协同细菌和Mn2+的双重免疫激活作用,增强肿瘤局部的炎症反应和淋巴结的免疫应答。