生物膜成熟的标志是胞外基质(ECM) 的分泌。这层粘稠的“黏液”由多糖(主要是β-1,3-葡聚糖)、蛋白质、脂质和胞外DNA(eDNA)构成,是生物膜的终极护盾。它能像海绵一样“扣押”抗真菌药物,特别是唑类(如氟康唑)和多烯类(如两性霉素B),使药物无法以有效浓度抵达细胞膜。因此,生物膜内细胞的 MIC 可比浮游状态高1000倍,这完美解释了为何体外药敏显示“敏感”的菌株,在体内治疗中却会失败。
72 hours despite systemic therapy. Isolation of molds (e.g., Aspergillus) also mandates immediate removal. Attempted Salvage Pathway: Salvage should only be considered as a high-risk “bridge” therapy for hemodynamically stable patients with “exhausted access” (no viable alternative sites for recannulation or peritoneal dialysis) and a confirmed Candida species infection. Salvage Regimen and Monitoring: If salvage is attempted, it requires aggressive localized intervention with Antifungal Lock Therapy (e.g., Amphotericin B or Ethanol) combined with systemic echinocandins. Clinicians must maintain a very low threshold to abandon salvage and remove the catheter if the patient clinically deteriorates or fails to clear the fungemia.">