进入血液循环后,螺旋体面临血流剪切力。它们通过一系列黏附蛋白与宿主分子有序互动,实现血管捕获:BBK32和VlsE介导了短暂的栓系(<1秒)和拖动(1-20秒),其中VlsE通过与硫酸皮肤素结合来稳定这一过程。随后的静止黏附(>20秒)主要发生在内皮细胞连接处,为外渗做准备。20 s) occurs predominantly at endothelial cell-cell junctions. This positions spirochetes for subsequent vascular escape. (D) Endothelial activation and potentiation. Endothelial engagement triggers an activation phase (≥4 h), characterized by cytokine release and increased permeability. A subsequent potentiation phase (~24 h) renders the endothelium permissive to transmigration. Recruited neutrophils contribute inflammatory mediators, including TNF-α, MCP-1, and IL-10, which reinforce endothelial activation. (E) Transcellular transmigration and extravasation. Spirochetes predominantly traverse the endothelium via a transcellular route. This process requires the integrin-binding porin P66 and temporally coordinated adhesins. DbpA/B contribute during potentiation, while OspC functions at the extravasation step, enabling escape into extravascular tissue. (F) Dissemination to distant organs. Following vascular exit, B. burgdorferi spreads to peripheral tissues, including joints, heart, and nervous system. Together, the schematic depicts dissemination as an orchestrated, multistep process integrating biomechanical motility, sequential adhesin engagement, endothelial modulation, and immune co-option. The vasculature thus acts as an active interface, where pathogen tricks the host into negotiating the terms of permissive movement. (EC, Endothelial cells).">稳定黏附后,内皮细胞被激活,释放细胞因子并增加通透性。随后是一个约24小时的“增强期”,使内皮细胞对跨细胞迁移变得许可。整合素结合孔蛋白P66对跨细胞通道至关重要。其他黏附素如DbpA/B和OspC在不同时间点发挥作用,形成一个协调的网络,确保螺旋体成功穿越血管壁,进入血管外组织。研究表明,螺旋体主要采取跨细胞途径(穿越单个内皮细胞),而非从细胞间挤过。不同内皮细胞的许可性各异,例如脑微血管即使在炎症条件下也保持较强的限制性。