科学家首次解析大白鲨转录组特征

时间:2013年12月9日
来源:生物通

编辑推荐:

在最近的BMC Genomics杂志上发表的一项研究中,科学家们将Roche-454和Illumina测序技术结合起来,首次解析了软骨鱼类大白鲨的心脏转录组特征。他们发现,大白鲨与人类的蛋白,具有惊人的相似之处。

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生物通报道:软骨鱼类(软骨鱼纲:鲨鱼、鳐鱼、鳐形目鱼和银鲛目鱼),具有至少在4亿年前的泥盆纪的化石记录,为我们提供了一个成功进化的显著例子。现代鲨鱼,是软骨鱼类的一组,具有多样的身体大小(例如,成年鲨鱼20-1200cm)、生理学特性(例如,外温性到区域内温性)、繁殖方式(例如,从卵生到胎生)和栖息地利用(从海洋到淡水,浅水区到深海)。由于其鳍的食用价值,鲨鱼也是人类捕获的一个主要目标,引起了对这个快速衰退种群的广泛关注。而且,由于其独特的生活史,如果继续对其过度捕捞,我们就不可能对这个种群进行恢复。

尽管人们对鲨鱼有如此广泛的关注,这种世界上最古老的海洋食肉动物一直都是一个遗传学谜团。目前,研究人员第一次深入到大白鲨的遗传密码,惊喜地发现,在恐龙出没以前到现在,它们几乎没有发生过变化。

康奈尔的研究人员发现,许多濒临灭绝的大白鲨的蛋白参与了一系列不同的功能——包括代谢功能,与斑马鱼这个典型的鱼类模型相比,大白鲨和人类的蛋白匹配度更高。

康奈尔大学兽医学院的进化基因组学教授Michael Stanhope,和诺瓦东南大学“Save Our Seas Shark”研究中心的科学家们,在最近的BMC Genomics杂志上发表了这项研究成果。Stanhope指出,这项成果奠定了鲨鱼基因组学探索的基础,极大地扩展了用以保护它们的遗传学工具。

Stanhope说:“我们非常惊讶地发现,许多种类的蛋白,在鲨鱼和人类之间更加相似——相比较鲨鱼和斑马鱼之间。尽管鲨鱼和硬骨鱼的关系并不密切,但它们都是鱼……而哺乳动物则具有非常不同的解剖和生理结构。然而,我们的研究结果,实现了这么一种可能性,那就是,大白鲨代谢过程的某些方面,和其整个生化过程的其它方面一样,可能与哺乳动物更加相似——与硬骨鱼相比。”

当Stanhope和诺瓦东南大学的教授Mahmood Shivji获得一项Save Our Seas基金资助,和一份珍贵的礼物——一个大白鲨的心脏时,他们启动了这项研究。这个心脏是取自一条政府当局没收后捐赠给他们项目的非法捕捞的鲨鱼。然后,研究人员将Roche-454和Illumina测序技术结合起来,首次获得了大白鲨心脏转录组测序结果。

在得到的结果中,研究人员特别感兴趣的是,大白鲨与人类的蛋白有更近的匹配,包括参与代谢的蛋白。

Stanhope 说:“鲨鱼有很多有趣的特性。一些鲨鱼是胎生,产出完全成形的幼鲨,而一些鲨鱼是卵生,卵排出后被固定于珊瑚礁、海底植物或石缝中。在一些物种中,胚胎会吃剩下的卵,甚至吃子宫中其它仍在发育的胚胎。一些鲨鱼能下潜很深,而其他一些却不能。一些鲨鱼一直待在当地,而其它则迁移跨过整个大洋盆地。白鲨能潜入深海、长距离迁移和胎生。我们将利用我们在这个物种中了解到的知识,开展一项包括这些不同行为的更广泛的基因比较研究。”

由于鲨鱼是顶级捕食者,它们的数量减少会威胁到海洋生态系统的稳定性,而数百万人需要依赖海洋来获取食物。Stanhope 指出,这项研究也使科学家们用来研究大白鲨和近缘鲨鱼种群生物学的遗传标记增加了一千倍,从这些种群生物学研究中,科学家们希望进一步扩展有关这些迷人动物的知识,它们其中很多迫切需要保护。(生物通:王英)

生物通推荐原文摘要:
Characterization of the heart transcriptome of the white shark (Carcharodon carcharias)
Abstract
Background
The white shark (Carcharodon carcharias) is a globally distributed, apex predator possessing physical, physiological, and behavioral traits that have garnered it significant public attention. In addition to interest in the genetic basis of its form and function, as a representative of the oldest extant jawed vertebrate lineage, white sharks are also of conservation concern due to their small population size and threat from overfishing. Despite this, surprisingly little is known about the biology of white sharks, and genomic resources are unavailable. To address this deficit, we combined Roche-454 and Illumina sequencing technologies to characterize the first transciptome of any tissue for this species.
Results
From white shark heart cDNA we generated 665,399 Roche 454 reads (median length 387-bp) that were assembled into 141,626 contigs (mean length 503-bp). We also generated 78,566,588 Illumina reads, which we aligned to the 454 contigs producing 105,014 454/Illumina consensus sequences. To these, we added 3,432 non-singleton 454 contigs. By comparing these sequences to the UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot database we were able to annotate 21,019 translated open reading frames (ORFs) of ≥ 20 amino acids. Of these, 19,277 were additionally assigned Gene Ontology (GO) functional annotations. While acknowledging the limitations of our single tissue transcriptome, Fisher tests showed the white shark transcriptome to be significantly enriched for numerous metabolic GO terms compared to the zebra fish and human transcriptomes, with white shark showing more similarity to human than to zebra fish (i.e. fewer terms were significantly different). We also compared the transcriptome to other available elasmobranch sequences, for signatures of positive selection and identified several genes of putative adaptive significance on the white shark lineage. The white shark transcriptome also contained 8,404 microsatellites (dinucleotide, trinucleotide, or tetranucleotide motifs ≥ five perfect repeats). Detailed characterization of these microsatellites showed that ORFs with trinucleotide repeats, were significantly enriched for transcription regulatory roles and that trinucleotide frequency within ORFs was lower than for a wide range of taxonomic groups including other vertebrates.
Conclusion
The white shark heart transcriptome represents a valuable resource for future elasmobranch functional and comparative genomic studies, as well as for population and other biological studies vital for effective conservation of this globally vulnerable species.

 

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