Western Blot内参的更好选择

时间:2015年5月7日
来源:生物通

编辑推荐:

但是近年来的研究表明,这些所谓的上样内参在同一组织的不用位置,以及出现疾病的情况下也会发生变化,而且差异可以高达20%……

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——小叮当口袋里的各种法宝令Western blots操作更快,更敏感,也更可靠

生物通报道:Western blot技术已经成为了蛋白研究方面的一种主要技术,研究人员可以利用Western blot定性,甚至半定量的识别组织和培养细胞中的蛋白,这种操作实验可以说每天都会在实验室里上演,但同时,Western blot等blot技术也是各种审议的主题,学术造假,以及一些研究成果被退回的原因。

近年来Western blot技术也有了一些发展,一些新的试剂和仪器令Western更为敏感,一些主要步骤(电源,转膜等)也更为精简,虽然许多研究人员仍然使用的是化学发光法检测法和X光胶片,但一些新的技术,如数字荧光成像技术已经提高了这种工具的敏感性和可靠性,令其进入了“定量时代”。一些新的技术方法也能令Western blot可以用于单细胞检测,或者对有限及珍贵的样品进行检测,其中的一些步骤也实现的自动化。

上文:Western Blot实验操作进阶技巧(一)

如何加速你的Western Blot实验

Western Blot内参的更好选择

总蛋白内参

研究人员为了能定量分析目标蛋白,一般来说都会将其与溶液中的其它单一蛋白进行比对,如GADPH、 β-肌动蛋白或微管蛋白等,这些蛋白的表达水平量一般认为是维持不变的。

但是近年来的研究表明,这些所谓的上样内参在同一组织的不用位置,以及出现疾病的情况下也会发生变化,而且差异可以高达20%(PLOS ONE,8:e72457,2013年)。在这篇文章中,研究人员检索了已发表的芯片数据和质谱数据,发现常用的细胞骨架蛋白(actin,actinin和各种tubulin异构体)、线粒体蛋白(VDAC1和VDAC2)和细胞核蛋白(HC1)都存在差异表达。

“许多大家用作上样内参的蛋白……其实并不稳定,它们在许多不同的神经退行性疾病情况下都发生了改变,”来自英国爱丁堡大学罗斯林研究所研究员Thomas Wishart说。

为此,Wishart研究组修改了传统的方法,将他们的目标蛋白与同样条道的总蛋白水平进行比对,结果发现这是更为可靠的一种方法。首先研究人员同时跑两块胶,并将其中的一块用考马斯亮蓝染料染色。然后他们通过数字图像处理软件,检测整条道中的蛋白信号。

(研究人员发现作为对照的单个看家蛋白实际上也会发生变化,因此分析样品中的总蛋白浓度(黄色框标识)是定量蛋白的更好内参)

如何入门:

Wishart的方法,以及相关的故障排除Tips都发表在了一篇论文中:A Guide to Modern Quantitative Fluorescent Western Blotting with Troubleshooting Strategies。Wishart说,当然多跑一块胶会导致其它问题的出现,但只要你上样单μL的量,那就不成问题。这种方法还能通过BCA或者其它蛋白检测方法分析蛋白浓度,交叉检查考马斯亮蓝染色结果。

费用:

Wishart的方法会增加实验成本,跑胶,染色大约会增加20%的成本,但是“实际上从长远来看这能节约钱,因为你从一开始就不会做错,不用重来,”他说。

注意事项:

如果你还是希望用单个蛋白作为内参,那么可以找一下蛋白质组的数据(质谱数据),看看有哪些蛋白水平变化小,更为可靠一些。

傻瓜Western blot操作系统

Western blot技术发展至今,其繁琐的步骤其实并没有多大变化,虽然通过一些科学家们的优化,这些步骤有了些变化,但手工步骤越多,出错的几率也越大。因此研究人员希望能自动化这一过程。

美国加州的一家公司:ProteinSimple 推出了一种与众不同的Western blot操作系统,这一系统采用基质填充毛细管电泳,替代传统的凝胶,研究人员只需将样品、一抗、二抗和检测试剂加入微孔板,按下Start就行了,几个小时后就能得到完全分析好的数据了。

2011年,该公司推出了第一台傻瓜Western blot操作系统:Simon,2014年,ProteinSimple又推出的全新的仪器——Wes,这台仪器能在不到3个小时内完成25个样品的分析,此外还有另外两台名为Sally Sue 和 Peggy Su的高通量仪器,这两台仪器每次能分析96个样品,上样量仅需0.2 μg/μ L 裂解液。

“除了提升了实验的可重复性和结果一致性,这一系统最大的优点在于能分析数量十分有限的样品,”来自斯坦福大学医学院的Joanna Liliental说,她的实验室采用了Peggy Sue,以及电荷分离 NanoPro 1000,“电荷分离分析依赖于细胞中靶标蛋白的丰度,这种技术能定量仅仅25个细胞中的蛋白信号,标准Western是不可能完成这样的实验。”

费用:

Wes的定价标准定位于“高端成像系统”,Simple Western产品总监Patricia Piatti说,这一系统的耗材要比传统Wsetern更贵,但平均成本差不多,Piatti表示。

如何入门:

Simple Western的仪器需要添加一些内核,同时仪器使用也需要培训,一般来说要培训四个小时,并且在几个星期的使用后才能流畅操作这些仪器,而且软件使用也要花时间掌握。

注意事项:

与任何Western Blot实验一样,抗体质量是一个限制因素。ProteinSimple 和它的姊妹公司Bio-Techne 正在尝试验证那些能用于仪器的抗体,“这是一个正在进行的项目,我们将会在已有的抗体列表中添加上新的内容,”Piatti说。

(生物通:张迪)

原文摘要:

Total Protein Analysis as a Reliable Loading Control for Quantitative Fluorescent Western Blotting


Western blotting has been a key technique for determining the relative expression of proteins within complex biological samples since the first publications in 1979. Recent developments in sensitive fluorescent labels, with truly quantifiable linear ranges and greater limits of detection, have allowed biologists to probe tissue specific pathways and processes with higher resolution than ever before. However, the application of quantitative Western blotting (QWB) to a range of healthy tissues and those from degenerative models has highlighted a problem with significant consequences for quantitative protein analysis: how can researchers conduct comparative expression analyses when many of the commonly used reference proteins (e.g. loading controls) are differentially expressed? Here we demonstrate that common controls, including actin and tubulin, are differentially expressed in tissues from a wide range of animal models of neurodegeneration. We highlight the prevalence of such alterations through examination of published “–omics” data, and demonstrate similar responses in sensitive QWB experiments. For example, QWB analysis of spinal cord from a murine model of Spinal Muscular Atrophy using an Odyssey scanner revealed that beta-actin expression was decreased by 19.3±2% compared to healthy littermate controls. Thus, normalising QWB data to β-actin in these circumstances could result in ‘skewing’ of all data by ~20%. We further demonstrate that differential expression of commonly used loading controls was not restricted to the nervous system, but was also detectable across multiple tissues, including bone, fat and internal organs. Moreover, expression of these “control” proteins was not consistent between different portions of the same tissue, highlighting the importance of careful and consistent tissue sampling for QWB experiments. Finally, having illustrated the problem of selecting appropriate single protein loading controls, we demonstrate that normalisation using total protein analysis on samples run in parallel with stains such as Coomassie blue provides a more robust approach.
 

A Guide to Modern Quantitative Fluorescent Western Blotting with Troubleshooting Strategies

The late 1970s saw the first publicly reported use of the western blot, a technique for assessing the presence and relative abundance of specific proteins within complex biological samples. Since then, western blotting methodology has become a common component of the molecular biologists experimental repertoire. A cursory search of PubMed using the term “western blot” suggests that in excess of two hundred and twenty thousand published manuscripts have made use of this technique by the year 2014. Importantly, the last ten years have seen technical imaging advances coupled with the development of sensitive fluorescent labels which have improved sensitivity and yielded even greater ranges of linear detection. The result is a now truly Quantifiable Fluorescence based Western Blot (QFWB) that allows biologists to carry out comparative expression analysis with greater sensitivity and accuracy than ever before. Many “optimized” western blotting methodologies exist and are utilized in different laboratories. These often prove difficult to implement due to the requirement of subtle but undocumented procedural amendments. This protocol provides a comprehensive description of an established and robust QFWB method, complete with troubleshooting strategies.

 

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